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Rd 2 - Heat 1 Charles Robert Darwin FRS v Sir Isaac Newton FRS
Jedi Shrimper
formerly Drastic™
To begin a brief recap...
Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) 1643 - 1727
It is fair to say Sir Isaac Newton is best known for ‘discovering’ gravity, but his body of work and acheivements stretches far beyond just this.
He was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history.
Newton went to Cambridge University where he became interested in mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. From 1665-7, he began to think about gravity, and also devoted time to optics and mathematics, working out his ideas about 'fluxions' (calculus).
It was Newton's reflecting telescope, made in 1668, that finally brought him to the attention of the scientific community and in 1672 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. From the mid-1660s, Newton conducted a series of experiments on the composition of light, in 1704 he published 'The Opticks' which dealt with light and colour. He also studied and published works on history, theology and alchemy.
In 1687, with the support of his friend the astronomer Edmond Halley, Newton published his single greatest work, the 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' ('Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'). This showed how a universal force, gravity, applied to all objects in all parts of the universe.
Newton was also MP for Cambridge University (1689 - 1690 and 1701 - 1702), and Warden of the Royal Mint. In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society, an office he held until his death. He was knighted in 1705. [BBC History]
Vote Sir Isaac, the man who put England at the forefront of science, and became not just one of the greatest Englishmen but one of the most influential & important human beings ever.
VOTE NEWTON!
(more details to come...)
Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) 1643 - 1727
It is fair to say Sir Isaac Newton is best known for ‘discovering’ gravity, but his body of work and acheivements stretches far beyond just this.
He was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history.
Newton went to Cambridge University where he became interested in mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. From 1665-7, he began to think about gravity, and also devoted time to optics and mathematics, working out his ideas about 'fluxions' (calculus).
It was Newton's reflecting telescope, made in 1668, that finally brought him to the attention of the scientific community and in 1672 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. From the mid-1660s, Newton conducted a series of experiments on the composition of light, in 1704 he published 'The Opticks' which dealt with light and colour. He also studied and published works on history, theology and alchemy.
In 1687, with the support of his friend the astronomer Edmond Halley, Newton published his single greatest work, the 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' ('Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'). This showed how a universal force, gravity, applied to all objects in all parts of the universe.
Newton was also MP for Cambridge University (1689 - 1690 and 1701 - 1702), and Warden of the Royal Mint. In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society, an office he held until his death. He was knighted in 1705. [BBC History]
Vote Sir Isaac, the man who put England at the forefront of science, and became not just one of the greatest Englishmen but one of the most influential & important human beings ever.
VOTE NEWTON!
(more details to come...)
Numphgirl
Snow White
This is a toughie, both fantastic men however it has to be Charles Darwin
Recap from before:
It is possible that no one has influenced our knowledge of life on Earth as much as Charles Robert Darwin, the English naturalist. He was born on 12th February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire and his family were wealthy and equally well connected. His grandfathers being china manufacturer Wedgwood and Erasmus Darwin, a top intellectual of England in the 18th Century.
However it was Charles himself who produced so much compelling evidence that all species of life evolved over time from common ancestors, through the process he called natural selection. His theory of evolution by natural selection brought together a large amount of contrasting kinds of evidence. No other explanation before or since has made sense of these facts.
Even without Charles Darwin’s evolutionary works and theories, Darwin's accomplishments would be so difficult to try and match. His fantastic original work in geology, botany, biogeography, psychology and scientific travel writing would still make him one of the most original and influential workers in the history of science.
Also, in recognition of Darwins standing in this area, he was only one of five 19th century UK non-royals to be honoured by a state funeral. He died on 19 April 1882 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Need I say more, a true English Hero.
To summarise Darwin's Theory of Evolution;
1. Variation: There is Variation in Every Population.
2. Competition: Organisms Compete for limited resources.
3. Offspring: Organisms produce more Offspring than can survive.
4. Genetics: Organisms pass Genetic traits on to their offspring.
5. Natural Selection: Those organisms with the Most Beneficial Traits are more likely to Survive and Reproduce.
Darwin imagined it might be possible that all life is descended from an original species from ancient times. DNA evidence supports this idea.
Probably all organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial life form. There is grandeur in this view of life that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved. (Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species)
Thanks to BBC History and WiKi
VOTE CHARLES DARWIN A GREAT ENGLISHMAN
Recap from before:
It is possible that no one has influenced our knowledge of life on Earth as much as Charles Robert Darwin, the English naturalist. He was born on 12th February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire and his family were wealthy and equally well connected. His grandfathers being china manufacturer Wedgwood and Erasmus Darwin, a top intellectual of England in the 18th Century.
However it was Charles himself who produced so much compelling evidence that all species of life evolved over time from common ancestors, through the process he called natural selection. His theory of evolution by natural selection brought together a large amount of contrasting kinds of evidence. No other explanation before or since has made sense of these facts.
Even without Charles Darwin’s evolutionary works and theories, Darwin's accomplishments would be so difficult to try and match. His fantastic original work in geology, botany, biogeography, psychology and scientific travel writing would still make him one of the most original and influential workers in the history of science.
Also, in recognition of Darwins standing in this area, he was only one of five 19th century UK non-royals to be honoured by a state funeral. He died on 19 April 1882 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Need I say more, a true English Hero.
To summarise Darwin's Theory of Evolution;
1. Variation: There is Variation in Every Population.
2. Competition: Organisms Compete for limited resources.
3. Offspring: Organisms produce more Offspring than can survive.
4. Genetics: Organisms pass Genetic traits on to their offspring.
5. Natural Selection: Those organisms with the Most Beneficial Traits are more likely to Survive and Reproduce.
Darwin imagined it might be possible that all life is descended from an original species from ancient times. DNA evidence supports this idea.
Probably all organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial life form. There is grandeur in this view of life that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved. (Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species)
Thanks to BBC History and WiKi
VOTE CHARLES DARWIN A GREAT ENGLISHMAN
Pubey
Guest
for pure quantity of great discoveries and work, I've gone for Newton. Not only did he come up with the Laws of Motion (just as important as the Theory of Evolution IMO), but also he produced the Theory of Gravitation, theories of momentum in mechanics, and developed differential and integral calculus.
what a guy!
what a guy!
Pubey
Guest
see my post, it wasn't just gravity that he discovered, but so much more
Jedi Shrimper
formerly Drastic™
Thanks Pubey.
Yes indeed, Newton's acheivements are numerous.
It was Newton who discovered that light could be split into it's constituting colours using a prism, it the basis upon which everything we know about light is based and without this discovery the computer screen you are now looking at couldn't exist.
II OPTICS
In 1664, while still a student, Newton read recent work on optics and light by the English physicists Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke; he also studied both the mathematics and the physics of the French philosopher and scientist René Descartes. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism; developing over a few years a series of increasingly elaborate, refined, and exact experiments, Newton discovered measurable, mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of colour. He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays (manifest in the rainbow and the spectrum), each ray definable by the angle through which it is refracted on entering or leaving a given transparent medium. He correlated this notion with his study of the interference colours of thin films (for example, of oil on water, or soap bubbles), using a simple technique of extreme acuity to measure the thickness of such films. He held that light consisted of streams of minute particles. From his experiments he could infer the magnitudes of the transparent "corpuscles" forming the surfaces of bodies, which, according to their dimensions, so interacted with white light as to reflect, selectively, the different observed colours of those surfaces.
The roots of these unconventional ideas were with Newton by about 1668; when first expressed (tersely and partially) in public in 1672 and 1675, they provoked hostile criticism, mainly because colours were thought to be modified forms of homogeneous white light. Doubts, and Newton's rejoinders, were printed in the learned journals. Notably, the scepticism of Christiaan Huygens and the failure of the French physicist Edmé Mariotte to duplicate Newton's refraction experiments in 1681 set scientists on the Continent against him for a generation. The publication of Opticks, largely written by 1692, was delayed by Newton until the critics were dead. The book was still imperfect: the colours of diffraction defeated Newton. Nevertheless, Opticks established itself, from about 1715, as a model of the interweaving of theory with quantitative experimentation.
http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html
Jedi Shrimper
formerly Drastic™
Yet more of Newton's groundbreaking work, and I haven't even covered gravity yet!
III MATHEMATICS
In mathematics too, early brilliance appeared in Newton's student notes. He may have learnt geometry at school, though he always spoke of himself as self-taught; certainly he advanced through studying the writings of his compatriots William Oughtred and John Wallis, and of Descartes and the Dutch school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics then studied, but is especially famous for his solutions to the contemporary problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves (differentiation) and defining areas bounded by curves (integration). Not only did Newton discover that these problems were inverse to each other, but he discovered general methods of resolving problems of curvature, embraced in his "method of fluxions" and "inverse method of fluxions", respectively equivalent to Leibniz's later differential and integral calculus. Newton used the term "fluxion" (from Latin meaning "flow") because he imagined a quantity "flowing" from one magnitude to another. Fluxions were expressed algebraically, as Leibniz's differentials were, but Newton made extensive use also (especially in the Principia) of analogous geometrical arguments. Late in life, Newton expressed regret for the algebraic style of recent mathematical progress, preferring the geometrical method of the Classical Greeks, which he regarded as clearer and more rigorous.
Newton's work on pure mathematics was virtually hidden from all but his correspondents until 1704, when he published, with Opticks, a tract on the quadrature of curves (integration) and another on the classification of the cubic curves. His Cambridge lectures, delivered from about 1673 to 1683, were published in 1707.
The Calculus Priority Dispute
Newton had the essence of the methods of fluxions by 1666. The first to become known, privately, to other mathematicians, in 1668, was his method of integration by infinite series. In Paris in 1675 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently evolved the first ideas of his differential calculus, outlined to Newton in 1677. Newton had already described some of his mathematical discoveries to Leibniz, not including his method of fluxions. In 1684 Leibniz published his first paper on calculus; a small group of mathematicians took up his ideas.
In the 1690s Newton's friends proclaimed the priority of Newton's methods of fluxions. Supporters of Leibniz asserted that he had communicated the differential method to Newton, although Leibniz had claimed no such thing. Newtonians then asserted, rightly, that Leibniz had seen papers of Newton's during a London visit in 1676; in reality, Leibniz had taken no notice of material on fluxions. A violent dispute sprang up, part public, part private, extended by Leibniz to attacks on Newton's theory of gravitation and his ideas about God and creation; it was not ended even by Leibniz's death in 1716. The dispute delayed the reception of Newtonian science on the Continent, and dissuaded British mathematicians from sharing the researches of Continental colleagues for a century.
http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html
Newton also had a state funeral - When Newton died, England, for the first time, granted a state funeral for a subject whose "attainment lay in the realm of the mind."
VOTE ISAAC!
III MATHEMATICS
In mathematics too, early brilliance appeared in Newton's student notes. He may have learnt geometry at school, though he always spoke of himself as self-taught; certainly he advanced through studying the writings of his compatriots William Oughtred and John Wallis, and of Descartes and the Dutch school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics then studied, but is especially famous for his solutions to the contemporary problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves (differentiation) and defining areas bounded by curves (integration). Not only did Newton discover that these problems were inverse to each other, but he discovered general methods of resolving problems of curvature, embraced in his "method of fluxions" and "inverse method of fluxions", respectively equivalent to Leibniz's later differential and integral calculus. Newton used the term "fluxion" (from Latin meaning "flow") because he imagined a quantity "flowing" from one magnitude to another. Fluxions were expressed algebraically, as Leibniz's differentials were, but Newton made extensive use also (especially in the Principia) of analogous geometrical arguments. Late in life, Newton expressed regret for the algebraic style of recent mathematical progress, preferring the geometrical method of the Classical Greeks, which he regarded as clearer and more rigorous.
Newton's work on pure mathematics was virtually hidden from all but his correspondents until 1704, when he published, with Opticks, a tract on the quadrature of curves (integration) and another on the classification of the cubic curves. His Cambridge lectures, delivered from about 1673 to 1683, were published in 1707.
The Calculus Priority Dispute
Newton had the essence of the methods of fluxions by 1666. The first to become known, privately, to other mathematicians, in 1668, was his method of integration by infinite series. In Paris in 1675 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently evolved the first ideas of his differential calculus, outlined to Newton in 1677. Newton had already described some of his mathematical discoveries to Leibniz, not including his method of fluxions. In 1684 Leibniz published his first paper on calculus; a small group of mathematicians took up his ideas.
In the 1690s Newton's friends proclaimed the priority of Newton's methods of fluxions. Supporters of Leibniz asserted that he had communicated the differential method to Newton, although Leibniz had claimed no such thing. Newtonians then asserted, rightly, that Leibniz had seen papers of Newton's during a London visit in 1676; in reality, Leibniz had taken no notice of material on fluxions. A violent dispute sprang up, part public, part private, extended by Leibniz to attacks on Newton's theory of gravitation and his ideas about God and creation; it was not ended even by Leibniz's death in 1716. The dispute delayed the reception of Newtonian science on the Continent, and dissuaded British mathematicians from sharing the researches of Continental colleagues for a century.
http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html
Newton also had a state funeral - When Newton died, England, for the first time, granted a state funeral for a subject whose "attainment lay in the realm of the mind."
VOTE ISAAC!
Jedi Shrimper
formerly Drastic™
Just over 3 hours of voting left folks, these two candidates both deserve more votes!
Pubey
Guest
save the big guns for the later rounds!
markw
Manager⭐
oops sorry
Pubey
Guest
Napster
No ⭐
That's the beauty of =RAND()
Jedi Shrimper
formerly Drastic™
Pubey
Guest
definitely in danger of an equal and opposite reaction
Jedi Shrimper
formerly Drastic™
nicely done.:D
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